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Ingqakaqha sisifo esosulelayo kakhulu esibangelwa yintsholongwane i-variola (VARV), eyeye-Orthopoxvirus genus. Yayisinye sezifo ezosulelayo ezaziwayo eluntwini. Ityala lokugqibela lengqakaqha labonwa eSomalia ngo-1977nango-1980, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO) wabhengeza ukupheliswa kwengqakaqha. [1] .
Imbali Yengqakaqha [Mbini]
Ingqakaqha kucingelwa ukuba yavela eMntla-mpuma we-Afrika ngonyaka we-10 000 BC kwaye ukusukela apho yayinwenwela kwelase-India ngabarhwebi bamandulo base-Egypt. Ubungqina bokuqala bezilonda zolusu ezifana naleyo yengqakaqha yabonwa ebusweni bezidumbu zase-Egypt yamandulo.
Kwinkulungwane yesihlanu neyesixhenxe, ingqakaqha yavela eYurophu kwaye yaba sisibetho ngexesha eliphakathi. Qho ngonyaka, abantu abangama-400,000 babulawa yingqakaqha kwaye isinye kwisithathu sabasindileyo saba yimfama ngenkulungwane ye-18 eYurophu.
Esi sifo kamva sasasazeka kwiindlela zorhwebo nakwamanye amazwe.
www.lwandim.com
Yintoni Ingqakaqha?
Ingqakaqha ibonakaliswa ngamadyungudyungu aqatha abonakala ngolandelelwano kwaye eshiya ukonakala komzimba. Ezi blister zigcwalisa ulwelo olucacileyo kwaye kamva lubangele ubuye lube zii-crust ezigcina zomile zize ziwe.
Ingqakaqha yayisisifo esosulelayo esabangelwa yintsholongwane. I-Variola ivela kwigama lesiLatini elithi varius, elithetha ukuba libala okanye lisuka kwi-varus, uphawu lwentsingiselo kulusu [3] .
Intsholongwane ye-variola ine-DNA enemicu emibini, oko kuthetha ukuba inemicu emibini ye-DNA ejijekileyo kunye nobude be-190 kbp [4] . I-Poxviruses iphindaphinda kwi-cytoplasm yeeseli ezibambeyo kunokuba ibe sisiseko seeseli ezinokuchaphazeleka.
Ngokomndilili, abantu aba-3 kwaba-10 abafumene ingqakaqha bafa kwaye abo basindileyo basala benamava.
Uninzi lwabaphandi luthatha ukuba kwiminyaka engama-6000 ukuya ku-10 000 eyadlulayo ukufuyiswa kwezilwanyana, uphuhliso lokulima umhlaba kunye nophuhliso lweendawo zokuhlala ezinkulu abantu kudale iimeko ezakhokelela ekuveleni kwengqakaqha [5] .
Nangona kunjalo, ngophando olupapashwe kwiphephancwadi leKlinikhi yosulelo lwezifo, intsholongwane ye-variola inokuthi idluliselwe ebantwini ngokudluliselwa kweentlobo ukusuka kumamkeli ophelileyo. [6] .
Iindidi ze-Smallpox [7]
Isifo sengqakaqha siintlobo ezimbini:
• Variola enkulu - Sisimo esibi kwaye sesona sixhaphakileyo esine-30 yepesenti yokufa kwengqakaqha. Kubangela umkhuhlane omkhulu kunye nerhashalala enkulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo (eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo), eguqulweyo (ifom ethe kratya kwaye iya kwenzeka kubantu ababegonyiwe ngaphambili), iflethi kunye nokopha ziindidi ezine ze-variola ezinkulu. I-Flat kunye ne-hemorrhagic ziindidi ezingaqhelekanga ze-smallpox eziqhelekileyo ezibulalayo. Ixesha lokuxubusha kwincinci elincinci elincinci lifutshane kwaye ekuqaleni, kunzima ukuyixilonga njenge-smallpox.
• Variola encinci -I-Variola encinci yaziwa ngokuba yi-alastrim yeyona ndlela inobuzaza yengqakaqha eneqondo lokufa lomntu onepesenti enye okanye ngaphantsi. Kubangela iimpawu ezimbalwa njengokukhawuleza okungapheliyo kunye nokuqhekeka.
Isasazeka Njani Ingqakaqha?
Esi sifo sisasazeka xa umntu osuleleke yingqakaqha ekhohlela okanye ethimla kwaye amathontsi okuphefumla ekhutshwa emlonyeni okanye empumlweni aze aphefumlelwe ngomnye umntu osempilweni.
Intsholongwane iyaphefumlelwa ize iwele emhlabeni kwaye ichaphazele iiseli ezigqume umlomo, umqala kunye nendlela yokuphefumla. Ulwelo lomzimba olosulelekileyo okanye izinto ezingcolisekileyo ezinje ngomandlalo okanye impahla nazo zinokusasaza ingqakaqha [8] .
Iimpawu zeNtsholongwane
Emva kokuba wosulelwe yintsholongwane, ixesha lokufukama liphakathi kweentsuku ezisi-7 ukuya kwezi-19 (umndilili weentsuku ezili-10 ukuya kwezi-14) Ngeli xesha, intsholongwane iyaziphindaphinda emzimbeni, kodwa umntu usenokungabonakalisi zimpawu zininzi kwaye unokujongeka kwaye azive esempilweni. . Ugqirha Sneha uthi, 'Nangona umntu engenasifo, banokuba nomkhuhlane osezantsi okanye irhashalala elinokungabonakali'.
Emva kwexesha lokufukama, iimpawu zokuqala ziqala ukubonakala, ezibandakanya oku kulandelayo:
• Umkhuhlane ophezulu
• Ukuhlanza
• Intloko ebuhlungu
• Iintlungu zomzimba
• Ukudinwa kakhulu
• Iintlungu ezibuhlungu zomqolo
Emva kwezi mpawu zakuqala, irhashalala ibonakala njengamabala amancinci abomvu emlonyeni naselwimini oluhlala kangangeentsuku ezine.
Amabala amancinci abomvu atshintsha abe zizilonda kwaye anwenwe emlonyeni nasemqaleni nasemva koko kuwo onke amalungu omzimba kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-24. Eli nqanaba lihlala iintsuku ezine. Ugqirha Sneha uthi, 'Ukusasazwa kweerhashalala kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwingqakaqha: ibonakala kuqala ebusweni, ezandleni nakwingalo zangaphambili emva koko isasazeka esiqwini nasemaphethelweni (ukubonakala ngokulandelelana). Oku kubalulekile ekwahlukaniseni irhashalala ukusuka kusulelo lwe-varicella '.
Ngosuku lwesine, izilonda zigcwalisa ulwelo olungqindilili kude kube yifom e-scabs ngaphezulu kwamaqhuma ahlala iintsuku ezili-10. Emva koko oononkala baqala ukuwa, beshiya amanxeba esikhumbeni. Eli nqanaba lihlala malunga neentsuku ezintandathu.
Nje ukuba onke amakhaba awe, umntu akasasuleli.
Uthini umahluko phakathi kwengqakaqha kunye nenkuku?
Ugqirha Sneha uthi, 'Irhashalala irhashalala iqala ukubonwa ebusweni ize ihambele emzimbeni kwaye ekugqibeleni amalungu asezantsi ngelixa kwinyosi yenkukhu irhashalala ibonakala esifubeni nakwindawo yesisu kuqala ize isasazeke kwamanye amalungu (kunqabile kakhulu iintende kunye neentende). Ixesha elishiyekileyo phakathi komkhuhlane kunye nokukhula okukhawulezayo kunokuhluka kwezinye iimeko '.
Ukuchongwa kweNtsholongwane
Ukuchonga ukuba ngaba irhashalala yingqakaqha, iZiko loLawulo lweNtsholongwane kunye noThintelo (CDC) licebisa ukusebenzisa ialgorithm 'Ukuvavanya abaguli ngengqakaqha: Acute, Generalized Vesicular okanye Pustular Rash Illness Protocol' eyindlela eqhelekileyo yokuvavanya abaguli abanesifo esirhabaxa ukubonelela ngezikhokelo zeklinikhi zokwahlula ingqakaqha kwezinye izifo ezingxamisekileyo [9] .
Ugqirha uya kuthi emva koko asivavanye ngokwasemzimbeni isigulana kwaye abuze malunga nembali yabo yakutshanje yokuhamba, imbali yezonyango, ukunxibelelana nezilwanyana ezigulayo okanye ezingaqhelekanga, iimpawu eziqale ngaphambi kokuqala kokuqubuka, ukunxibelelana nabo nabaphi na abantu abagulayo, imbali ye-varicella yangaphambili okanye i-herpes zoster kunye nembali yokugonya varicella.
Inkqubo yokuqonda isifo sengqakaqha ibandakanya oku kulandelayo:
• Ukuba nomkhuhlane ongaphezu kwe-101 ° F kunye nokuba neempawu ezingabandayo, ukugabha, intloko ebuhlungu, umqolo obuhlungu, isisu esibuhlungu kunye nokuguqa.
• Amanxeba avela nakweliphi na ilungu lomzimba njengobuso neengalo.
• Izilonda eziqinileyo okanye eziqinileyo nezijikelezayo.
• Izilonda zokuqala ezivela ngaphakathi emlonyeni, ebusweni nasezingalweni.
• Izilonda ezintendeni nasezinyaweni.
Uthintelo kunye nonyango lwengqakaqha
Akukho lunyango lwengqakaqha, kodwa ukugonywa kwengqakaqha kunokumkhusela umntu kwingqakaqha kangangeminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu, emva koko inqanaba lokhuselo lalo luyehla. Ukugonywa kwe-booster kuyadingeka ukukhusela ixesha elide kwibhokhwe, ngokwe-CDC [10] .
Isitofu sokuthintela ingqaka sincinci senziwe ngentsholongwane ye-vaccinia, i-poxvirus efana nengqakaqha. Isitofu sokugonya siqulathe intsholongwane ye-vaccinia ephilayo, hayi intsholongwane ebuleweyo okanye ebuthathaka.
Iyeza logonyo lwengqakaqha linikwa kusetyenziswa inaliti eneebifurcated ethi nkxu kwisisombululo sokugonya. Xa isusiwe, inaliti ibamba ithontsi lesitofu sokugonya kwaye yatyakatywa eluswini izihlandlo ezili-15 kwimizuzwana embalwa. Isitofu sokugonya sihlala sinikezelwa kwingalo ephezulu kwaye ukuba iyeza lokugonya liyaphumelela, isifo esibomvu nesirhawuzelelayo siyenzeka kwindawo egonyiweyo kwiintsuku ezintathu ukuya kwezine.
Ngexesha leveki yokuqala, isilonda siba yiblister ezaliswe bubofu kwaye iphume. Ngexesha leveki yesibini, ezi zilonda zomile kwaye ziqala ukwenza uqweqwe. Ngexesha leveki yesithathu, oononkala bayawa baze bashiye isikhumba eluswini.
Isitofu sokugonya kufuneka sinikezwe phambi kokuba umntu angene kwisifo kwaye kwiintsuku ezintathu ukuya kwezisixhenxe zokuvezwa kwintsholongwane. Isitofu sokugonya asiyi kumkhusela umntu akuba kukho irhashalala ebonakala eluswini.
Ngo-1944, isitofu sokugonya ingqakaqha esibizwa ngokuba yi-dryvax sasinelayisensi kwaye senziwa de kwaba phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1980 xa iWHO yabhengeza ukupheliswa kwengqakaqha [Shumi elinanye] .
Ngokutsho kweU.S.Ukutya noLawulo lweeDrug, okwangoku, kukho isitofu sokugonya ingqakaqha esibizwa ngokuba yi-ACAM2000, esasinikwe iphepha-mvume ngomhla wama-31 kuAgasti 2007. Esi sitofu saziwa ngokwenza abantu abasemngciphekweni omkhulu wesifo seengqakaqha mzimba. Nangona kunjalo, ibangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinje ngeengxaki zentliziyo ezinje nge-myocarditis kunye ne-pericarditis [12] .
Nge-2 kaMeyi ka-2005, i-CBER ilayisenisi ye-Vaccinia Immune Globulin, Intravenous (VIGIV), esetyenziselwa ukunyanga iingxaki ezinqabileyo ezinqabileyo zokugonya kwengqakaqha.
Isitofu sokugonya se-smallpox sinemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinobulali zibandakanya umkhuhlane, iintlungu zemisipha, ukudinwa, intloko ebuhlungu, isicaphucaphu, irhashalala, ukukhathazeka, izilonda zesathelayithi kunye ne-lymphadenopathy yommandla.
Ngama-1960, iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zokugonywa kwengqakaqha kwachazwa eUnited States, kwaye ezi ziquka ugonyo oluqhubekayo (isigidi esi-1.5 sokugonya), i-eczema vaccinatum (izitofu ezingama-39 ezigidi), i-postvaccinial encephalitis (i-12 yezigidi zokugonya), i-vaccinia ngokubanzi kunye nokufa (1 yezigidi zokugonya) [13] .
Ngubani omele agonywe?
• Umsebenzi waselebhu osebenza nentsholongwane ebangela ingqakaqha okanye ezinye iintsholongwane ezifana nayo kufuneka agonywe (oku kwenzeka xa kungekho kuqhambuko kwengqakaqha).
• Umntu oveze ngokuthe ngqo intsholongwane yengqakaqha ebusweni ngokuqhagamshelana ubuso ngobuso nomntu onengqakaqha kufuneka agonywe (oku kwenzeka xa kuqhambuke ingqakaqha) [14] .
Ngubani ongafanele afumane ukugonywa?
Ngokwe-WHO, abantu abaneemeko zesikhumba okanye ezinesikhumba, ingakumbi i-eczema okanye i-atopic dermatitis, abantu abanokungakhuseleki komzimba, abantu abane-HIV kunye nabantu abafumana unyango lomhlaza akufuneki bafumane isitofu sokuthintela ingqakaqha ngaphandle kokuba bafumanekile kwesi sifo. Oku kungenxa yokwanda komngcipheko wokuba neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.
Abafazi abakhulelweyo akufuneki bafumane isitofu sokugonya njengoko sinokwenzakalisa umntwana ongekazalwa. Ukuncancisa abasetyhini kunye nabantwana abangaphantsi kweenyanga ezili-12 ubudala akufuneki bafumane isitofu sokuthintela ingqakaqha [Shumi elinantlanu] .
Yintoni ongayenza emva kokuba ugonyiwe?
• Indawo yokugonya kufuneka igqunywe ngesiqwenga segeyinti ngeteyiphu yoncedo lokuqala. Qinisekisa ukuba kukho ukuhamba komoya okufanelekileyo kwaye akukho manzi angena kuwo.
• Nxiba ihempe enemikhono egcweleyo ukuze igqume ibhandeji.
• Gcina indawo eyomileyo kwaye ungayivumeli ukuba imanzi. Ukuba iba manzi, yitshintshe ngoko nangoko.
• Yogqume indawo leyo ngebhandeji elingangeni manzi ngexa uhlamba kwaye ungabelani ngeetawuli.
• Guqula ibhandeji rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezintathu.
• Hlamba izandla zakho emva kokuba ubambe indawo yogonyo.
• Sukuyichukumisa indawo kwaye ungavumeli abanye bayichukumise okanye izinto ezinje ngetawuli, iibhandeji, amashiti kunye neempahla ezichaphazele indawo egonyelweyo.
• Hlamba impahla yakho emanzini ashushu ngesicoci okanye ngetsheki.
• Iibhandeji ezisetyenzisiweyo kufuneka zilahlwe ezingxoweni zeplastiki emva koko ziphoswe kwisitya sothuli.
• Kwingxowa yeplastiki yeplastiki, beka onke amakhaba aweleyo emva koko uwulahle [16] .
Yayilawulwa Njani Ingqakaqha Ngaphambili?
Ukwahlukahlukana, kwathiwa intsholongwane ebangela ingqakaqha yayiyenye yeendlela zokuqala zokulawula ukusasazeka kwesifo seengqakaqha. Ukwahluka kwakuyinkqubo yokugonya umntu ongazange abe nengqakaqha ngokusebenzisa izinto ezivela kwibhokhwe yengqakaqha yesigulana esosulelekileyo. Yenziwe ngokukrwela into engalweni okanye ukuyifaka ngeempumlo kwaye abantu bakhula neempawu ezinje ngomkhuhlane kunye nerhashalala.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba phakathi kwe-1 yepesenti ukuya kwiipesenti ezimbini zabantu abafumene ukwahluka babhubha xa kuthelekiswa neepesenti ezingama-30 zabantu abasweleke xa benesifo sengqakaqha. Nangona kunjalo, ukwahluka kunemingcipheko emininzi, isigulana singasweleka okanye omnye umntu anokusifumana isifo kwisigulana.
Izinga lokufa lokwahluka laliphantsi kalishumi xa kuthelekiswa nengqakaqha yendalo [17] .
Ii-FAQ eziqhelekileyo
Umbuzo: Ngaba ikhona i-smallpox?
UKUYA. Okwangoku, akukho ngxelo zokuvela kwengqakaqha naphina kwihlabathi liphela. Nangona kunjalo, inani elincinci lentsholongwane yengqakaqha isekhona kwiilabhoratri ezimbini zophando eRashiya naseMelika.
Umbuzo: Kutheni ingqakaqha ibulele abantu kangaka?
UKUYA . Yayibulala kuba yayisisifo esihamba ngomoya esihlala sisasazeka ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kumntu osulelekileyo ukuya komnye.
Q. Bangaphi abantu ababulawa yingqakaqha?
UKUYA . Kuqikelelwa ukuba bangama-300 ezigidi abantu ababulawa yingqakaqha kwinkulungwane yama-20.
Umbuzo: Ngaba iya kubuya ingqakaqha?
UKUYA . Hayi, kodwa oorhulumente bakholelwa ekubeni intsholongwane yengqakaqha ikhona kwezinye iindawo ngaphandle kweelebhu ezinokukhutshwa ngabom zenze ingozi.
Q. Ngubani ongakhuselekanga kwingqakaqha?
UKUYA. Abantu abagonywayo bakhuselekile kwingqakaqha.
Q. Ngubani ofumene unyango lwengqakaqha?
UKUYA . Ngo-1796, uEdward Jenner wenza inzame zenzululwazi zokulawula ingqakaqha ngokusebenzisa ugonyo ngabom.
Q. Lwathatha ixesha elingakanani ubhubhane wengqakaqha?
UKUYA . Ngokwe-WHO, ingqakaqha ikhona iminyaka engama-3 000 ubuncinci ikhona.
USneha KrishnanAmayeza ngokubanziMBBS Yazi ngakumbi
