I-MENINGITIS: IINTLOBO, OONOBANGELA, IIMPAWU, UMNGCIPHEKO, IINGXAKI, UTHINTELO KUNYE NONYANGO

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Ekhaya Impilo Ukuphazamiseka kunyango Ukuphazamiseka kunyanga oi-Amritha K Ngu UAmritha K. NgoNovemba 21, 2019| Ukuhlaziywa ngu UAlex Maliekal

Izifundo ezahlukeneyo ezenziwa e-India zichonge i-meningitis njengenye yezizathu eziphambili zokufa kwabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-5. Ngo-2012, uRhulumente wase-India wazisa i-Pentavalent Vaccine kwiNkqubo yoGonyo lwe-Universal (UIP) kwilizwe liphela kwaye yagubungela ilizwe Ngo-2017.

Nangona ukwanda kwe-meningitis kwehlile, kusafuneka ukuba kuqhubeke ukubekwa esweni ukuvavanya iipateni ezivelayo zokunganyangeki kunye nokusasazwa elizweni. Funda ukuze wazi malunga nesifo esichaphazela isizwe, oonobangela baso kunye neendlela zothintelo.

Yintoni iMeningitis?

I-Meningitis sisifo esibangela ukudumba kwenwebu ejikeleze intambo yomqolo kunye nengqondo. Iintsana, abantwana, ulutsha kunye nabantu abadala bonke banokuphuhlisa i-meningitis, nangona uhlobo lwe-meningitis ludla ngokwahluka ngokweqela leminyaka.

Ukudumba kwama-meninges (abakhuseli bengqondo kunye nentambo yomqolo, oko kukuthi, bathintela ingqondo kunye nomqolo ekuchaphazelweni ziintsholongwane okanye nakuphi na ukwenzakala) xa ulwelo olungqonge indawo losuleleka ^[1] .

Oku, kunokubangela ukungasebenzi kweminges, kunye ne-cerebrospinal fluid ekhusela ubume benkqubo ye-nervous system ^[Mbini] .

Zithini iintlobo zeMeningitis?

I-Meningitis ibangelwa ziintsholongwane okanye intsholongwane kwaye iintlobo ze-meningitis zihlelwa ngokufanelekileyo. Ezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo ze-meningitis zintsholongwane kunye nentsholongwane.

1. Intsholongwane meningitis

Olona hlobo luxhaphakileyo lwe-meningitis, i-viral meningitis ithambile kwaye inyangeka iyodwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa yintsholongwane kwinqanaba le-Enterovirus, elihambelana neepesenti ezingama-85 zesifo ^[3] .

2. IBacterial meningitis

Olu hlobo lwe-meningitis luyosulela. I-bacterial meningitis ibangelwa ziindidi ezithile zebacteria ezinje ngeStreptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenza, Listeria monocytogenes kunye neStaphylococcus aureus.

Ukuba ishiywe inganyangwa, imeko inokubulala. Ngokweengxelo, i-5 ukuya kwi-40 ipesenti yabantwana kunye ne-20 ukuya kwi-50 ipesenti yabantu abadala abanesifo sentsholongwane ^[4] .

3. I-Fungal meningitis

Uhlobo olunqabileyo lwe-meningitis, i-fungal meningitis ibangelwa ngumngundo ofana neCryptococcus, Blastomyces, Histoplasma kunye neCoccidioides. Le fungus ichaphazela umzimba kwaye isasazeka ukuya egazini, ukusuka apho iya khona ukuya kwingqondo yakho okanye kwintambo yomqolo.

4. Isifo sokudumba kwenwebu yobuchopho

Ebangelwa zizifunxi-gazi ezifumaneka kumdaka, ilindle, izinto zokutya ezifana neentlanzi eziluhlaza, imveliso kunye neenkukhu, i-parasitic meningitis ibangelwa zizifunxi-gazi ezifana neAngiostrongylus cantonensis, Baylisascaris procyonis

Gnathostoma spinigerum.

Parasitic meningitis ayosuleli ngokuthe ngqo, oko kukuthi, ayidluliswanga isuka komnye umntu iye komnye. Isasazeka xa izifunxi-gazi zisosulela isilwanyana okanye into etyiwayo, ethi ityiwe ngabantu ^[5] .

5. I-meningitis engosuleliyo

I-Meningitis nayo inokukhula ngenxa yezizathu ezingosuleliyo kwaye le iwela phantsi kwelo nqanaba.

Zintoni oonobangela be-Meningitis?

Uhlobo ngalunye losulelo lunezizathu ezahlukeneyo zosulelo lwentsholongwane esona sizathu siqhelekileyo. Esinye isizathu esibalulekileyo sisifo seentsholongwane kunye nosulelo lomngundo olwenzeka kunqabile ^[6] ^[7] .

Unobangela webacteria meningitis uyahluka ngokobudala beqela lomntu osulelekileyo. Kwiintsana ezingaphambi kwexesha kunye neentsana ezinokufika kwiinyanga ezintathu ubudala, oonobangela abaqhelekileyo bakwiqela B le-streptococci. Kubantwana abadala, kubangelwa yi-Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) kunye ne-Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ngelixa kubantu abadala, ibangelwa yi-Neisseria meningitidis kunye ne-Streptococcus pneumoniae.

I-virus ye-meningitis ibangelwa ziintsholongwane ezinjenge-West Nile virus, umkhuhlane, uqwilikana, i-HIV,

imasisi, iiherpes virus kunye neColtivirus.

I-Fungal meningitis inokubangelwa zizinto ezininzi. Abanye boonobangela kukusetyenziswa kwee-immunosuppressants, ukuphulukana nokuzikhusela komzimba kubudala kunye ne-HIV / AIDS.

I-Parasitic meningitis ibangelwa zizifunxi-gazi ezifana neAngiostrongylus cantonensis, Gnathostoma spinigerum kunye neSchistosoma. Le meko ikwakhula ngenxa yeemeko ezinje ngecysticercosis, toxocariasis, baylisascariasis kunye nepargonimiasis.

I-meningitis engosuleliyo ikhula ngenxa yezinye iimeko zonyango okanye unyango olufana ne-lupus, ukwenzakala entloko, utyando lobuchopho, umhlaza kunye namayeza athile.

Ziintoni Iimpawu zeMeningitis?

Iimpawu zokuqala ezinxulumene nemeko ziyafana nezomkhuhlane kwaye zikhula ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezimbalwa. Iimpawu ze-meningitis ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kubudala bomntu kunye nohlobo losulelo kunye neempawu zentsholongwane kunye ne-bacterial meningitis inokufana ekuqaleni ^[8] .

Iimpawu zentsholongwane ye-meningitis kwiintsana zezi zilandelayo:

Ukucaphuka
Ukungabikho komdla
Ukuhamba
Ifiva
Ukulala

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo kunye neempawu ze-meningitis kubantu abadala zezi zilandelayo:

Ukuhlanza
Ifiva
Ukulala
Intamo elukhuni
Ukuxhuzula
Uvakalelo ekukhanyeni okuqaqambileyo
Ukunciphisa ukutya
Ukuhamba
Isicaphucaphu
Ukucaphuka
Ukuhamba
Intloko ebuhlungu
Isikhumba esimfusa esifana nemivumbo
Ukugodola
Ubuntununtunu ekukhanyeni (photophobia)
Ukudideka
Ukudideka

Kwi-meningitis ye-parasitic, iimpawu ziyafana ne-fungal meningitis kwaye umntu unokukhula emzimbeni. I-Meningococcal meningitis iya kuba nerhashalala emzimbeni kwaye imiqondiso yale meko ibandakanya ukuqina kwentamo, uphawu lukaBrudzinski lwesibonakaliso sikaKernig kuvavanyo lomzimba. ^[9] .

Zintoni izinto ezinobungozi beMeningitis?

Iimpawu zomngcipheko we-Meningitis zibandakanya oku kulandelayo ^[10] :

Umncinci
Ukukhulelwa
Amajoni omzimba abuthathaka okanye abuthathaka
Ukuhlala kwindawo yokuhlala
Ukuphepha ukugonywa

Zithini iingxaki zeMeningitis?

Yonke imeko yezonyango ithambekele ekuphuhliseni iingxaki kunye nobunzima be-meningitis buqatha kwaye kunokubangela ukuxhuzula kunye nomonakalo osisigxina we-neurological ukuba ushiywe unganyangwa. ^{[Shumi elinanye]} .

Iingxaki ze-meningitis zezi zilandelayo:

Ukusilela kwezintso
Umothuko
Ukukhubazeka ekufundeni
Ukuphulukana nokuva
Iingxaki zememori
Isifo samathambo
Umonakalo wobuchopho
Iingxaki zeGait
IHydrocephalus
Ukufa

Ichongwa njani i-Meningitis?

Ugqirha uya kuqhuba uxilongo esekwe kuvavanyo lomzimba, kuvavanyo lokuqonda isifo kunye nembali yakhe yezonyango. Ugqirha uza kukhangela usulelo olujikeleze intloko, iindlebe, umqala nolusu emqolo ^[12] . Olona phando lubalulekileyo / uvavanyo kwi-meningitis yi-LP (i-lumbar puncture).

Ukuxilongwa kuya kubandakanya ezi mvavanyo zilandelayo:

Itomography yekhompyutha (CT)
Imagnetic resonance imaging (iMRI)
Iinkcubeko zegazi
X-reyi yesifuba

Inyangwa Njani iMeningitis?

Ukhathalelo lonyango kwimeko ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-meningitis.

I-bacterial meningitis ifuna unyango kwangoko nge-intravenous antibiotics kunye ne-corticosteroids. Unyango lwe-Virus meningitis lubandakanya ukuphumla ebhedini, ukusebenzisa ulwelo kunye neyeza zekhawuntareni. Amayeza okubola asetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-fungal meningitis ^[13] .

Kwiintlobo ezisele ze-meningitis, oogqirha bamisela unyango lwe-antiviral kunye neyeza lokubulala iintsholongwane. I-meningitis engosuleliyo inyangwa nge-corticosteroids. Kwezinye iimeko ze-meningitis, unyango alufunwa njengoko imeko ibangcono iyodwa.

Ngawaphi amanyathelo othintelo lwe-Meningitis?

Njengoko imeko ibangelwa ziintsholongwane eziqhelekileyo kunye neebhaktiriya, inokusasazeka ngokukhohlela, ukwanga, ngokwabelana ngezixhobo njlnjl. La manyathelo alandelayo anokunceda ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwemeneningitis ^[14] .

Hlamba izandla zakho
Hlala usempilweni (phumla, wenze imithambo rhoqo, utye usempilweni)
Ziqhelanise nococeko
Vala umlomo wakho xa ukhohlela okanye uthimla
Abafazi abakhulelweyo kufuneka balumke ngakumbi kwimikhwa yokutya

Ngaphandle kwezi, i-meningitis inokuthintelwa ngokuthatha ugonyo.

Imibuzo edla ngokubuzwa

Q. Luluphi uphawu lokuqala lwe-meningitis?

Iminyaka Umkhuhlane, ukugabha, intloko ebuhlungu, iintlungu zomlenze, ulusu olukhanyayo kunye nezandla kunye neenyawo ezibandayo ziimpawu zokuqala ze-meningitis.

Q. Ngaba umntu angaphila ne-meningitis?

Iminyaka : Ukuba ishiywe inganyangwa i-meningitis inokubulala. Kodwa, unyango lwangexesha kunye nongenelelo lunokunceda umntu aphile kwimeko.

Q. Inokukubulala ngokukhawuleza kangakanani i-meningitis?

Iminyaka : I-Meningitis inokubulala kwisithuba seeyure ezi-4.

Q. Injani intloko yesifo sokudumba kwenwebu yengqondo?

Iminyaka : Ngokungafaniyo nentloko yesiqhelo, enye ifunyanwa, iintloko ze-meningitis zichaphazela intloko yakho iphela kwaye ayifakwanga kwindawo ethile.

Jonga iZalathiso zeNqaku

[1]UKhan, uF.Y, uYesesef, uH, noElzouki, uA. N. (2017). I-Rhabdomyolysis kunye nokusilela okunamandla kwezintso okunxulunyaniswa ne-pneumococcal meningitis: Ingxelo yamatyala kunye nokuphononongwa koncwadi. Ijenali yaseLibya yeeNzululwazi zezoNyango, 1 (1), 18.
[Mbini]Cooper, L. V., Kristiansen, P. A., Christensen, H., Karachaliou, A., kunye noTrotter, C. L. (2019). Ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya iMeningococcal ngokobudala kwibhanti ye-meningitis yaseAfrika: uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo kunye nohlalutyo lweemeta. I-Epidemiology kunye nosulelo, i-147.
[3]van Samkar, A., Brouwer, M. C., Schultsz, C., van der Ende, A., & van de Beek, D. (2015). I-Streptococcus suis meningitis: uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo kunye nohlalutyo lweemeta. Izifo ze-PLoS ezingakhathalelwanga zizifo zetropiki, 9 (10), e0004191.
[4]Hussein, K., Bitterman, R., Shofty, B., Paul, M., & Neuberger, A. (2017). Ulawulo lwe-post-neurosurgical meningitis: uphononongo lokubaliswa. Clinical Microbiology kunye nosulelo, 23 (9), 621-628.
[5]I-Ogrodzki, P., kunye neForsythe, S. (2015). Ukucwangciswa kwecapsular yohlobo lweCronobacter kunye nokunxulumana kweCronobacter sakazakii kunye noC. Malonaticus capsule iintlobo nge-neonatal meningitis kunye necrotizing enterocolitis. Iimpawu zeBMC, 16 (1), 758.
[6]USinha, M. K., Prasad, M., Haque, S. S., Agrawal, R., kunye no-Singh, A. (2016). Imeko yeklinikhi yokuSebenza kweLactate Dehydrogenase kwiCerebrospinal Fluid kunye nobudala kunye nokusasazwa ngokwesondo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeMeningitis. UMOJ Immunol, 4 (5), 00142.
[7]IKakarlapudi, S. R., Chacko, A., Samuel, P., Verghese, V. P., kunye noRose, W. (2018). Ukuthelekiswa kwesifo se-typhus meningitis kunye ne-bacterial meningitis kunye ne-tuberculous meningitis. Unyango lwabantwana baseIndiya, 55 (1), 35-37.
[8]I-Lv, S., Zhou, X. N., kunye noAndrews, J. R. (2017). I-menositis ye-Eosinophilic ebangelwa yi-Angiostrongylus cantonensis.
[9]IHeemskerk, A., Bang, N. D., Mai, N. T., Chau, T., Phu, N. H., Indawo, P. P., ... Unyango lwe-antituberculosis olomeleleyo kubantu abadala abane-meningitis yesifo sephepha. Ijenali eNtsha yaseNgilani yezoNyango, 374 (2), 124-134.
[10]UWilkinson, R. J., Rohlwink, U., Misra, U.K, Van Crevel, R., Mai, N. T., Dooley, K. E., ... kunye neTwaites, G. E. (2017). I-meningitis yesifo sephepha. UPhononongo lweNdalo Neurology, 13 (10), 581.
[Shumi elinanye]Umchweli, R. R., kunye noPeterdorf, R. G. (1962). Uluhlu lweklinikhi ye-bacterial meningitis. Ijenali yaseMelika yamayeza, 33 (2), 262-275.
[12]Amaziko oLawulo lweNtsholongwane kunye noThintelo. (2015). I-Epidemiology kunye nokuthintela izifo ezinokuthintelwa ngokugonya. Isiseko sezeMpilo sikaWashington DC, 2, 20-2.
[13]INtaba, H. R., kunye noBoyle, S. D. (2017). I-Aseptic kunye ne-bacterial meningitis: uvavanyo, unyango kunye nokuthintela. Ngaba ngugqirha we-Fam, i-96 (5), 314-322.
[14]URajasingham, R., Smith, R. M., Park, B. J., Jarvis, J. N., Govender, N. P., Chiller, T. M., ... kunye neBoulware, D. R. (2017). Umthwalo wehlabathi jikelele wezifo ezinxulumene ne-HIV ye-cryptococcal meningitis: uhlalutyo oluhlaziyiweyo. Izifo ezasulelayo zeLancet, 17 (8), 873-881.